Pdf free fatty acid reduction in a waste cooking oil as a raw. Palm cooking oil consumption in indonesia is very high, and as a result, the used cooking oil which mostly ends up as the waste is also high. Used cooking or frying oils are of increasing interest as inexpensive feedstock for biodiesel production. The chemical composition and some characteristic of the wfo are listed in table 1. Table 2 shows the summary of fatty acid content in the waste cooking oil. This method is suitable for edible fats and oils such as butter, olive, palm, or sunflower oil. Biodiesel, towstep catalyzed process, free fatty acid. Abstract biodiesel was produced from waste cooking oil and virgin oil through transesterification reaction in batch process. Hence, it is know that higher free fatty acid contents will lead to formation of soap and water. Properties of the fame sample including density, viscosity, flash point, pour point, sulphur content, cetane.
Noncatalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil with high free fatty acids content using subcritical methanol. Solid acid catalyst for biodiesel production from waste. Acid number to ffa conversions biodiesel chemsitry. The high cost of neat vegetable oil and its impact on food security have necessitated its replacement as a feedstock for fame by used vegetable oil, also known as waste cooking oil wco. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The waste cooking oil contained 10 wt% of free fatty acid ffa and the contaminated water 28 wt% was used as feedstocks for biodiesel production.
Nov 22, 2019 palm cooking oil consumption in indonesia is very high, and as a result, the used cooking oil which mostly ends up as the waste is also high. The acid content of edible fats is given by the quantity of free fatty acids deriving from the hydrolytic rancidity of triglycerides. Esterification of free fatty acids in waste cooking oils wco. Homogeneous catalysis of high free fatty acid waste cooking. In this study, activities of resins amberlyst15 a15, amberlyst35 a35, amberlyst16 a16 and dowex hcrw2 in direct ffa esterification were examined in the temperature range of 5060 c and the effect of catalyst amount 12 wt% on ffa conversion was. Production of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil via km. Biodiesel from scum oil and waste oil 201501 university. Phosphatides phosphatides consist of alcohols usually glycerol, combined with fatty acids, phosphoric acid, and. Reduction of free fatty acids in waste oil for biodiesel production by glycerolysis. As this alteration occurs in unsuitable conditions for the processing and preservation of fats, acidity represents a basic indicator of the genuineness of the product. Coal ash can reduce the levels of free fatty acids in used cooking oil by. A twostep transesterification process acid esterification followed by alkali transesterification was employed to produce biodiesel from high free fatty acids ffa in jatropha curcas and waste cooking oils, and a singlestep transesterifcation process alkali transesterifcation was used for camelina sativa oil conversion. Paper open access aspen hysys simulation for biodiesel production.
If the frying rate is insufficient to drive water from food at a sufficient rate, the ffa content increases rapidly. International journal of science and research ijsr is published as a monthly journal with 12 issues per year. Fatty acid contents are the major indicators of the properties of biodiesel. Biodiesel, towstep catalyzed process, free fatty acid, waste frying oil, optimization 1. Typical composition of waste cooking oil as basecase design. Synthesis and characterization of biodiesel from waste. Abstractone kind of novel biodiesel waste cooking oil ethyl ester wcoee was prepared via transesterfication reaction between waste cooking oil and ethanol. Esterification of free fatty acids in waste cooking oils. The levels of free fatty acids are reduced in the refining. Paper open access aspen hysys simulation for biodiesel.
Free fatty acid reduction in a waste cooking oil as a. The results showed that pure methanol has the highest ability to reduce the content of free fatty acid with a percentage of reduction for 89. Waste cooking oil wco possesses much higher acid value than refined vegetable oil due to presence of huge amount of ffas 32. In the present study, such carbohydratederived catalysts have been prepared from various carbohydrates such as dglucose, sucrose, cellulose and starch. Energies free fulltext waste cooking oil as an alternate. However, there are no specific guidelines or regulations on how often cooking oil should be replaced. In short, ffa measure the level of degradation of the fats.
Esterification of free fatty acids with glycerol within the biodiesel. After extraction, the free fatty acids contents of the extracted oil were analyzed. Direct discharge of waste cooking oil wco into the environment causes serious environmental pollution problems. Nmr spectroscopy represents an alternative tool to conventional methods for the determination of ffa content, providing us with interesting advantages. Free fatty acids ffa are the result of the breakdown of oil or biodiesel. Methanol, with sodium hydroxide as a catalyst, reacts with the waste oil in the transesterification process producing fatty acid methyl esters fame with glycerine as a byproduct. The identification and quantification of free fatty acids ffa in edible and non edible vegetable oils, including waste cooking oils, is a crucial index to assess their. Ffa% is usually used to describe the ffa content of oils, while acid number an is commonly used to describe the ffa content of finished biodiesel. Waste frying oil with high levels of free fatty acids as.
Recently, transfatty acids tfa have gained more exposure due to their negative health effects. Cooking oils are composed of various fractions of fatty acids. Comparative study of properties and fatty acid composition. Noncatalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil. Fatty acids profile of edible oils and fats in india. Biodiesel production from jatropha curcas, waste cooking.
The reaction temperature was 60 oc with 250rpm mechanical stirring. Duplicate samples were used to determine the fatty acid content of the biodiesel product. From gas chromatography analysis, it was found that the biodiesel derived from the sample of waste. Free fatty acids test in oils with cdr foodlab range analyzers. Free fatty acids content of waste cooking oil from institutional cafeterias has been determined to be lower than many other establishments i. Production of biodiesel using high free fatty acid feedstocks. Chromatographic analysis allowed quantifying the oil content of fatty acids in the waste fish oil. The free fatty acids ffas of waste cooking oil wco are readily esterified with crude glycerol in the presence of the solid superacid so zro 2 al 2 o 3. The lubrication improvement of the blend was ascribed to the formation of polyester film and high polarity of fatty acid ethyl ester.
The acid content of fats and oils is given by the quantity of free fatty acids deriving from the hydrolytic rancidity of triglycerides. In this work, used frying oils obtained from 16 local restaurants were investigated regarding their fatty acid pro. Recent strategy of biodiesel production from waste cooking. It was also found that free fatty acids ffas had a positive effect on the wear resistance of blend. Free fatty acid definition of free fatty acid by medical. In this study, a technique is described to reduce the free fatty acids content of these feedstocks using an acid catalyzed pretreatment to esterify the free fatty acids before transesterifying the. Processes free fulltext nmr determination of free fatty. Comparative study of properties and fatty acid composition of. A feasible solution is employing as raw material for biodiesel production. The optimal content of wcoee in the blend was 20 vol%. This article reports, for the first time, recoverability and reusability of hydrochloric and sulfuric acid catalysts for efficient pretreatment of waste cooking oils for. Some unrefined oils may contain as much as several percent free fatty acids.
Table 1 shows the composition of waste cooking oil as per base case design. Biodiesel production from waste fish oil with high free. Superhydrophobic magnetic nanoparticlefree fatty acid. Biodiesel production from jatropha curcas, waste cooking, and. Waste cooking oil contains high free fatty acid content than the fresh cooking oils. The composition of free fatty acids is taken from wen et al. This reaction lowers the acidity of wco before biodiesel production. Pdf esterification of free fatty acids in waste cooking. Therefore, this article analyses a process to treat colombian waste cooking oils, by. Waste cooking oil wco is becoming the most promising alternative feedstock to produce. This invention concerns about removal of free fatty acids ffa content of industrial andor edible vegetable oils by using a chemical method and a new reactor configuration. Esterification was occurred in the upper of column to reduce ffa content to less than 1 wt% and to prevent the simultaneous saponification by base catalyst. It is observed that the used wfo had high acidity index about 28% of free fatty acids, which suggests that the esterification process would be recommended for the production of biodiesel from this raw material.
Process optimization and evaluation article november 2019 with 26 reads. The effect of concentrations and volumes of methanol in. Solid superacid catalyzed glycerol esterification of free. A twostep transesterification process acid esterification followed by alkali transesterification was employed to produce biodiesel from high free fatty acids ffa in jatropha curcas and waste cooking oils, and a singlestep transesterifcation process alkali transesterifcation was. Acidic ionexchange resins can be used to decrease wco free fatty acid level. Production of waste cooking oil in big cities is a problem for public health in different countries around the world. The identification and quantification of free fatty acids ffa in edible and nonedible vegetable oils, including waste cooking oils, is a crucial index to assess their. In this study the production process of fatty acid. Evaluation of fatty acid waste in the synthesis of oligo. Solid acid catalyst for biodiesel production from waste used. Biodiesel production from high free fatty acid content feedstocks a dissertation presented to the graduate school of clemson university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree doctor of philosophy chemical engineering by kaewta suwannakarn may 2008 accepted by. Effect of water content in waste cooking oil on biodiesel. Nmr determination of free fatty acids in vegetable oils. The influence of the free fatty acid ffa content was also investigated, and the result showed.
Free fatty acids form during frying due to the presence of moisture in the foods exposed to oil. In order to reduce the level of fatty acid content, waste cooking oil is pretreated with acid catalyst to. Analysis outlining the titration method for determination of the acid number and free fatty acids ffa in fats and oils. In the case of waste cooking oil containing high percentage of free fatty acid, alkaline catalyst reacts with free fatty acid and forms soap by saponification reaction. High oleic acid oils include almond, macadamia, olive, pecan, pistachio, and higholeic cultivars of safflower and sunflower. Free fatty acids can be used as an immediate source of energy by many organs and can be converted by the liver into ketone bodies.
Pdf reduction of free fatty acids of waste oil by acid. Biodiesel production using fatty acids from food industry. The waste cooking oil used in this study has very high acid value mg kohg, therefore a simple base transesterification utilized so far proved to be unsuitable. In the present study biodiesel was synthesized from waste cook oil wco by threestep method and regressive analyzes of the process was done. Similarly, if free fatty acid content exceeds 3%, transesterification reaction will not proceed even with homogenous base catalyst.
A pilotscale study of waste vegetable oil transesterification. The optimized conditions for fatty acid methyl ester fame yield were investigated using methanolwco weight ratios of 0. For instance, animal fats naturally contain 530% ffas and used cooking oils uco contain 27% ffas and respectively 331. Superhydrophobic magnetic nanoparticle free fatty acid regenerated from waste cooking oil for the enrichment of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludges and landfill leachates s. The production of biodiesel from waste vegetable oils through its pretreatment followed by transesterification process in presence of methanol was investigated using a km micromixer reactor. The waste cooking oil wco is a promising feed stock for the production of biodiesel. Nevertheless, these oils possess some contaminants, specially free fatty acid ffa content, which can reduce the quality and yield of. Wo2008140432a1 a process for removal of free fatty acids. Efficient production of biodiesel from high free fatty acid. May 22, 20 the measurement is possible through the free fatty acids test. The use of alternative feedstock as waste cooking oils wco and bovine tallow for biodiesel production has some advantages. Estimated waste cooking oil collected in a year 16, 18, 19. As it is seen from table 1, the isomers of the hydrocarbons of c 12c 24 were determined and it was shown that the majority of the isomerism was due to the c 18. Reduction of free fatty acids in waste oil for biodiesel production by.
Vegetable oils have been used as a feedstock for fatty acid methyl ester fame production. Companies in the field of the collection and treatment of waste cooking oils wco for subsequent biodiesel production usually have to cope with high acidity. Except palm fat, that presented about 50% in saturated fatty acids, all other oils showed saturated fatty acids below 25%, being the canola oil that presented the highest unsaturated fatty acid content. It is cheaper than edible vegetable oils and it is a way to valorize a subproduct.
Additionally, reuse of waste oils alleviates the issues associated with the disposal of large amount of frying oils that are no longer suitable for edible due to the high free fatty acid content. Ferric sulphate catalyzed esterification of high free. However, the problem is the high content of free fatty acids, moisture and solid particles presented in the oil. The acid value indicates the content of free fatty acids in the biodiesel and the value obtained in this study was 0. Esterification of free fatty acids in waste cooking oil by. The parameters affecting biodiesel production process such as alcohol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, the presence of tetrahydrofuran thf as a cosolvent, and the volumetric flow rates of. For the purpose of frying food, oils high in monounsaturated or saturated fats are generally popular, while oils high in polyunsaturated fats are less desirable. Optimisation of fame production from waste cooking oil for. Homogeneous catalysis of high free fatty acid waste. Wco was collected from local restaurant of sylhet city in bangladesh.
This new process converts scum to a higher value product biodiesel while also reducing environmental pollutants in both landfills and water resources. The tribological behavior of dieselwcoee blend was evaluated with a fourball tribometer. Fatty acid composition of waste cooking oil download table. In this sense, the processing of a synthetic mixture containing soybean oil and lauric acid provided a reduction of the free fatty acid content from 40. Comparative study of properties and fatty acid composition of some. A key challenge in the emerging biodiesel industry is costeffective pretreatment of waste vegetable oils to reduce freefatty acid content prior to transesterification. At the present, most biodiesel is made from cooking oils with a very low amount of free fatty acid ffa. Our test is designed to measure the free fatty acid content of fresh vegetable oils. Free fatty acids are a key indicator of hydrolytic degradation associated with off flavor and textural changes. A process for removal of free fatty acids from vegetable oils. The results of the gas chromatography analyses of faw are presented in table 1.
In this study, the conversion of wco into biodiesel. Due to high water content, high free fatty acid and soap content, and impurities in the scum, there is currently no cost effective process available that converts scum to biodiesel. Waste frying oil with high levels of free fatty acids as one. The wear resistance, extreme pressure, and friction reduction of the blend were improved with increasing wcoee. This paper presents a study of the methanol based transesterification of waste used cooking oil wco, 15% free fatty acid content with the synthesized solid acid catalyst at different temperatures and reaction times.
Waste frying oil with high levels of free fatty acids as one of the prominent sources of biodiesel production. Compliance waste cooking oil collection pureoil pureoil. Pdf determination of free fatty acids in cooking oil. Aug 12, 2014 the influence of the free fatty acid ffa content was also investigated, and the result showed that the esterification rate could be as high as 98. Table 2 shows the properties of the biodiesel obtained from the waste frying oil. Transesterification method gives lower yield than threestep method. Noncatalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil with. The identification and quantification of free fatty acids ffa in edible and nonedible vegetable oils, including waste cooking oils, is a crucial index to assess their quality and drives their. Shortchain fatty acids scfa are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of five or fewer carbons e.